India History, Maps, Population, Economy, & Facts
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- AICC in-charge for Tamil Nadu Girish Chodankar on Tuesday said the electorate had voted for change, adding that young voters and women had largely supported actor Vijay’s Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam.
- She was succeeded as prime minister by Rajiv Gandhi, who led Congress to a comfortable victory in the elections at the end of the year.
- Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition, and rising levels of air pollution.
- Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, effected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent.
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In fortified cities, social differentiation by caste, or varna, had emerged. By 400 BCE, caste had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. Hope he remains steadfast in upholding the values of social justice, anti-caste politics & the rich Tamil tradition of equality, dignity & inclusive progress,” she added. PDP president Mehbooba Mufti on Monday said the victory of TVK in Tamil Nadu assembly polls was a consolation, as the rest of the states where results were declared today chose BJP over regional parties.
Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, effected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. It is known from archaeological evidence that a highly sophisticated urbanized culture—the Indus civilization—dominated the northwestern part of the subcontinent from about 2600 to 2000 bce. The major secular holidays in India are Independence Day (August 15), Republic Day (January 26), and Gandhi Jayanti (October 2, Mahatma Gandhi’s birth anniversary). The Union Cabinet on 1st July 2025 approved the Employment Linked Incentive Scheme, with an outlay of ₹99,446 Crore, the scheme aims to incentivize creation of more than 3.5 Crore jobs in the country, over a period of two years. For women it took the form of a sari, a single piece of cloth many yards long. From ancient times until the advent of the modern, the most widely worn traditional dress in India was draped.
Demographics strain its economy, with the nation historically maintaining low GDP per capita both regionally and as measured by globally. As of 2026, Indian gross domestic output (GDP) have placed the nation as the 6th largest economy in the world. The Indian economy has been among the top ten largest economies in the world since 2010.
India loses its last left-wing government after five decades
DMK takes lead in 15 seats, AIADMK in five and TVK in two seat, based on very early leads. Actor-turned politician Vijay, whose new party the TVK was projected by some exit polls to upset the DMK and come to power in Tamil Nadu, is trailing in both Perambur and Trichy East when postal notes are being counted. The TVK chief was seen to be popular among women voters, particularly younger and middle-aged groups, the support often carries a tone different from conventional political loyalty. There have also been short periods pin up game of President’s Rule, not party governance. The last time this happened at scale was when M G Ramachandran walked out of the DMK and converted cinematic devotion into political power. Speaking to PTI, Santhosh said the day was special as it reflected the deep affection people in the state have for ‘Thalapathy’ (Vijay).
Confirming that Vijay had mentioned about a “good news soon to follow,” TVK legislator from R K Nagar N Marie Wilson insisted that the meeting of MLAs was basically to greet their party founder and thank him for the victory. This will be the first time in Tamil Nadu that a party will assume power a little over two years after its founding in February 2024. The governor accepted his resignation and his council of ministers, the Lok Bhavan said on Tuesday. The votes were taken up for counting on May 4 and the final tally was announced on Tuesday.
Still, caste-based inequality, discrimination, segregation, and violence persist. The Constituent Assembly of India abolished untouchability in 1947, the Republic of India did more formally in 1950, and India has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives related to caste. In recent decades India’s improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to its economic development.
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The number of people living in urban areas grew by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001. Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in India’s recent history. India’s capacity to generate electrical power is 300 gigawatts, of which 42 gigawatts is renewable. India’s nominal GDP per capita increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$2,731 in 2024. Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years before 2007, India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century. India’s foreign exchange remittances of US$100 billion in 2022, the highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries.
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Since the end of the Cold War, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the United States and the European Union. After the 1965 war, India began to pursue close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union. There are over a quarter of a million local government bodies at city, town, district, block and village levels.
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- In 1981 the respective literacy rates for total population, men and women were 41%, 53% and 29%.
- In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.
- In the Assembly results, TVK emerged as the single largest party with 108 seats, followed by the DMK with 59 and the AIADMK with 47.
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In the Assembly results, TVK emerged as the single largest party with 108 seats, followed by the DMK with 59 and the AIADMK with 47. DMK leader T K S Elangovan on Tuesday said actor Vijay’s Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam would not be able to form a government in Tamil Nadu with Congress support alone, pointing out that the Congress has only five MLAs. Vijay-led TVK emerged as the single largest party by winning 108 seats, while DMK and AIADMK got 59 and 47, respectively. During the meeting, the MLAs will present their victory certificates to the party leader and discuss strategies to form the government, said TVK leader Nanjil Sampath. Many candidates, such as Jegadeshwari K from Rajapalayam, spoke of the intense personal battles they fought to secure their wins. TVK leader Arunraj IRS, speaking to reporters, emphasised that the victory was not being viewed as a conquest but as a duty.
India loses its last left-wing government after five decades
Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam, actor Vijay’s new party, made its Puducherry debut with two wins. Sabarinathan emerged as one of the most talked-about candidates of the Tamil Nadu Assembly elections after an emotional video of him breaking down on stage went viral, shortly after his name figured among TVK’s list of candidates. Tamil Nadu former BJP president K Annamalai on Monday hailed the “generational shift” in the state’s political landscape following the 2026 Assembly election results, congratulating actor-turned-politician Vijay and his party TVK on a “spectacular debut”. Other tight contests saw AIADMK’s Ravimanoharan K winning the Palani seat by just 693 votes, while in Kumbakonam, TVK’s Vinoth secured a victory with a slim margin of 679 votes. The lowest victory margin in the state was recorded in Paramathi-Velur, where AIADMK candidate Sekar S of managed to scrape through by a mere 308 votes. The 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election has witnessed a dramatic range of political mandates, with victory margins
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Increasingly, in urban northern India, the sari is no longer the apparel of everyday wear, though they remain popular on formal occasions. Examples are dance-dramas based on the ancient Indian animal fables, Panchatantra, and Nehru’s mid-century meditation on Indian history, The Discovery of India. In the 19th century, cheap Kalighat paintings of gods and everyday life, done on paper, were urban folk art from Calcutta, which later saw the Bengal School of Art, reflecting the art colleges founded by the British, the first movement in modern Indian painting.
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But in the South, under the Pallava and Chola dynasties, sculpture in both stone and bronze had a sustained period of great achievement; the large bronzes with Shiva as Nataraja have become an iconic symbol of India. 500 CE, is often regarded as a classical period whose influence lingered for many centuries after; it saw a new dominance of Hindu sculpture, as at the Elephanta Caves. Over the following centuries a distinctly Indian style of sculpting the human figure developed, with less interest in articulating precise anatomy than ancient Greek sculpture but showing smoothly flowing forms expressing prana (“breath” or life-force). Almost all surviving ancient Indian art thereafter is in various forms of religious sculpture in durable materials, or coins. Virtually no art survives from a long period following the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself. The rise of the two religions was a backdrop to the emergence of the first loose-knit geographically extensive power in South Asia, the Maurya Empire. By living ethically, lay people could rise socially and morally in these religions. A second urbanisation had taken place in South Asia by 400 BCE, this time on the Ganges plain.
Guru Nanak Jayanti and Baisakhi The birth anniversaries of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last of Gurus, are very important days and are celebrated with religious fervour and devotion. Dussehra is the day when the effigies of Ravana, his brothers Meghnath and Kumbhakaran, are burnt. This tradition continues to this day as houses and cities throughout India are lit up every year (traditionally with small earthenware cups or diyas filled with oil) to commemorate the anniversary.
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Vijay emerged as a rare figure — a political outsider who could function as a unifying presence across caste, class and regional divides, at least in perception. Breaking DMK-AIADMK binary in Tamil https://odellkeller.com/ Nadu, Vijay’s TVK Monday emerged as the single largest party — a rare performance by a party in its debut election. AICC in-charge for Tamil Nadu Girish Chodankar on Tuesday said the electorate had voted for change, adding that young voters and women had largely supported actor Vijay’s Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. TVK chief Vijay on Tuesday paid tributes to the party’s ideological leaders and chaired a meeting of its newly elected legislators, a day after it secured victory with 108 seats in the April 23 Tamil Nadu Assembly election. A fan of Vijay from Virudhachalam, Seetha Shivam said the campaign in her constituency was driven by local frustrations over social issues, including drug prevalence and the perceived neglect of the Tamil language.
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During this period Buddhist art spread with Indian religions to Central, East and Southeast Asia, the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art. India has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of Eurasia, especially in the first millennium. Many women marry before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age; child marriages are not uncommon, especially in rural areas.
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Breaking the DMK-AIADMK binary in Tamil Nadu, superstar Vijay’s TVK Monday emerged as the single largest party — a rare performance by a party in its debut election. Indian politics was, since independence, dominated by vote banks politics based on religion, caste and other class factors and forces. Dussehra The battle between Ravana and Rama and the latter’s victory are celebrated as Dussehra in many parts of India, 20 days before Deepawali. The history of this astonishing sub continent dates back to five thousand years ago, when the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilisation had developed an urban culture based on commerce and sustained by agricultural trade. The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger urban women, who favour churidars or jeans.
In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors. By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation. Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised https://kgroupaviation.com/ drew citizens in significant numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.
Untouchability is illegal (Article 17) and caste distinctions are derecognized (Articles 15(2) and 16(2)). The definition of fundamental rights is based on the Constitution of the United States, and the constitutional directives, or goals of endeavor, are based on the Constitution of Ireland. The President, the constitutional head of state, has reserve powers for taking over the administration of a state. Singh became the first prime minister to be re-elected after Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962. Congress emerged as the largest single party and formed a coalition, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). The BJP, now a part of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), formed a coalition government led by Vajpayee, who became the first non-Congress prime minister to complete a five-year term.
India has reduced its poverty rate, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality. The Indian economy has since become a fast-growing major economy and a hub for information technology, with an expanding middle class. A nationalist movement emerged in India, the first in the non-European British Empire and an influence on other nationalist movements. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly, but technological changes were introduced, and modern ideas of education and the public life took root. Gradually expanding rule of the British East India Company turned India into a colonial economy but consolidated its sovereignty.
She was succeeded as prime minister by Rajiv Gandhi, who led Congress to a comfortable victory in the elections at the end of the year. However, India has been hamstrung by persistent poverty, both rural and urban; religious- and caste-related violence; Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies; and separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and in Northeast India. Economic liberalisation has created a large urban middle class and transformed India into a fast growing economy.
On a day of rapid development, Vijay staked claim to form the government informing Governor Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar, that the party had secured 108 seats, and being the single largest, it should be invited to form the government. Tuesday turned into a hectic day for Vijay, founder of the fledgling TVK, as he made an appearance at the party headquarters, exchanged greetings with the MLA designates and assured of government formation, a source said. May 7 was also the day when Stalin assumed charge as Chief Minister in 2021. Leading the tally for the highest margin recorded so far, AIADMK leader Edappadi K Palaniswami secured a dominant victory in his home turf of Edappadi, winning by a staggering 98,110 votes. The Assembly Elections 2026 witnessed a dramatic range of political mandates, with victory margins swinging from massive landslides to hair-breadth escapes across the state. Increase uptime, reduce admin and get the metrics you need to make better decisions about your machines – learn more about LiveLink from JCB today.